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Showing posts with label Physiology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Physiology. Show all posts

10.28.2008

Tuesday News Blip: Crappy News, Genetic Mutations, and Greenhouse Auspiciousness

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Legal Crap and Frightening News: There's a lot of lame crap going on in the legal world. The attorney general of California sued three small trucking companies for violating labors to avoid paying payroll taxes. Alaska Senator Ted Stevens was convicted on 7 counts of corruption and should serve 5 years for each count, but apparently may serve much less. On a much scarier note, the Alchohol, Tobacco, Firearms bureau successful stopped anotehr school killing spree before it started. Some idiot neo-nazis had some heinously inhuman plan to decapitate African Americans and assassinate Barrack Obama. Wow. It's times like these where corruption, illegal earning, and racist brutality seem to clog the news that you feel pretty pathetic calling yourself American. At the very least it certainly doesn't make you feel safe! In fact, the news in America has gotten so foul and disturbing (I can't believe there's still racist neo-nacist hate group buffoons still around), there's really no point in continuing to cover it. But just the fact that dangerous hate-group racism still exists in America really causes you to scrutinize that irrationality. The opinions on slavery from the Civil War really might have left a scar and some racist people remain dangerously confused and primitive, but this chunk of news just reeks of a lot of fear. Jeez, just the thought that if Obama gets elected he could be under the threat of a racist assassination is, well, a sad sign that maybe some haven't evolved as much as they should have. Fortunately, tomatoes have evolved!

Bottom-line: Sometimes current events are so atrocious, at times it's good just to not pay attention to the news.





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Health: Interesting news, very intriguing. The genetically modified research has sprouted a new invention: purple tomatoes cross-bred with a snapdragon flower. The resultant creation is jacked with antioxidant and supposedly has huge cancer-prevention properties! The combination of snapdragon with the tomato produces anthocyanin which is an extremely antioxidant-rich pigment.

Bottom-line: New snapdragon genetically-infused tomato may help cure cancer.







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Environment: Good news on the horizon of environmental conservation, specifically emissions control! While,
"there is currently no agreed method of allocating international emissions to individual countries"
, members of the British Parliament are
"determined that international aviation and shipping should be part of a comprehensive approach for tackling climate change"
. I guess you never factor in exhaust from airplanes polluting the atmosphere contributing to the green house effect, but it's good to know that emission control standards on that form of communication are being set in place.

Bottom-line: Airplanes' emissions control will help environment.

10.14.2008

Tuesday News Blip: Apple Innovations, Stocks Skyrocket, and More D


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Technology: Apple's innovation cease to amaze. The cutting edge rumor is that they intend to release a special laptop known as "the brick". Doing its name justice, "the brick" is supposedly carved out of a solid "brick" of titanium, making it seamless and screwless! The price for such water-blasting crafted item sounds like it would be extraordinary. While it may not be 100% indesctructible, the durability of Apple's new laptop technology will be a practically unprecedented release sturdy portability. Here are some cool factoids about it:

Macenstein had the best prediction of its bizarre codename:
"it is likely that it is simply a name for an upcoming product (or group of products) that Apple thinks will be sexy enough to pull a huge marketshare away from Microsoft. After all, how do you break “Windows”? You throw a brick through them!"


iPhone Savior predicts it will be some kind of new mac mini:
"a re-design of the Mac Mini super-sized to reveal a Mac Mini Pro of sorts."


Whatever this new innovation will be, it officeally releases (if on schedule) today. So it will be exciting to find out.

Bottom-line: Apple's iBrick's creating a sensational quality hype.










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Economy: We've heard a lot of people griping (others outright wailing) about the economic slump, specifically of the stock market. Well, good news for all. Pessimists complained that the stock market was as bad as it was during the Great Depression. Maybe, but I'm an optimist and now I recognize is as flourishing as it was during the Decade of the Glorious (but of course after the Great Depression and without the distorted Keynesian economic blunders that caused the drop nearly 6 dozen years ago). And evidence of our recently flourishing economy lies in the crisp numbers of the stock market: stocks skyrocketed 11% yesterday, which is the biggest jump since 1933. So clearly, optimism will always prevail over of the pessimists.

The cause of this? Not so reassuring. Many believe this will hurt more then help the economy, but the Bush Administration shifted into a "$250 billion of the $700 billion bailout program recently passed by Congress to purchase stock in U.S. banks, providing the banks with desperately needed money" and the FDIC will temporarily provide insurance loans for the banks as well. Why would the Bush administration do such a maneuver when he's practically no longer in office? Possibly a somewhat desperate attempt to boost the economy, or malevolent ploy to screw with the economy before it shifts into more adept hands. hehe. Probably the former.

Apple stock shot up a whopping 13.26 points yesterday, too, so apparently "the iBrick" (see above) made an impression on shareholders.

Bottom-line: Stocks sky-rocket because banks rework a bailout plan.








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Health: New breakthroughs in nutritional science have shown recent significance of Vitamin D in building bones and preventing cancer. Preventing cancer, after all, is simply about creating balance in the body. Scientists don't understand the direct cause of cancer so they create all these assumptions of measures to take to indirectly prevent it. Undoubtedly taking more of a balance of Vitamins will create body balance and it's that physiological equilibrium that ultimately prevents any kind of deterioration in the body (cancer included). So in another few months scientists will have a "big breakthrough" stating that we need to be taking more Vitamin A! And then more Zinc! etc. Framing these as real breakthroughs would be impractical; they do serve a good purpose though; old-fashioned reminders to take in healthy Vitamins. People are more apt to change their habits (in this case "vitamin consumption") if it's labeled as a "new breakthrough". In any case, you can get more D in smelly fish like mackarel, tuna, and sardines, supplements, or our sun.

Bottom-line: Double your intake of Vitamin D.




1.29.2008

Aerobic Respiration: MHR, LT, and VO2

I think the three key maximums in Exercise are MHR, LT, and V02.

Once you move above your anaerobic threshold, lactic acid starts to accumulate, which gets to a point around 85% to 90% of your MHR (max heart rate). So here's the process of how lactic acid builds up kind of like gears on a car:

1. Aerobic respiration -- Glucose undergoing glycolosis has enough 02 molecules to convert to pyruvate to ATP (the mitochondria don't max out)

2. You go very fast in a short amount of time -- Anaerobic respiration -- Glucose undergoing glycolysis struggles to convert all the pyruvate to ATP (the mitochondria max out without enough 02 molecules) resulting in lactic acid

3. You continue going very fast/hard in a short time of Anaerobic respiration resulting in -- Lactic Threshold -- where the muscles cramp up and fatigues --The lactic acid gets produced and leaks out into the blood and if continues will impair the muscles.

4. You rest/slow down -- Oxygen is restored -- lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid then to c02, water, and ATP (normal glycolysis output)


1. Aerobic Respiration
2. Anaerobic Respiration
3. Lactic Threshold

If you're just doing aerobic respiration, it will be hard to reach the lactic threshold in under 30 minutes, but if you do a 100 MHR 10 second sprint, you could be dealing with lactic build-up already, so watch the sprints early on, that's like piling on ice on the road before you get out of the driveway, when you're moving on the high-way that's okay.

You can improve Lactic threshold by doing 100% MHR reps. (800-200 meter reps, 15,30, 45, second reps, etc.

Endurance training converts the fast twitch fibers (IIb) that have no aerobic ability into (IIa) fast twitch fibers that have aerobic ability. it also speeds up your ability to do "clearance", moving lactacte around the muscles, which is a very good thing to speed up!

Endurance training also increases the size and quantity of mitochondria.

Clearance++ -- The increased number of mitochondria ensures more pyruvic acid will get converted into ATP, C02, and water, but if some doesn't and you have lactic acid circulating the blood, endurance training actually increases the capillaries around the muscle fibers, to expedite clearance. So the lactate escapes the fast twitch fibers more quickly, recirculating back into the bloodstream where the mitochondria can give it a go.

Clearance is helpful with ALL training, game-playing, exercise, etc. even if it is (actually, especially if it is) anaerobic. So endurance training will always help long-distance events and also short-distance sprints, or all surging moves in a soccer game because the athlete literally will not fatigue easily because lactate won't have time to get to the fast twitch fibers (the cause of so-called physical fatigue)!

Fatigue is an interesting concept that has, no doubt, roots in the physical and psychological. People are astonished at how I don't seem to fatigue and that's because my writing and math focus resolves and avoids all psychological fatigue; any problem I have, I work out and don't let it bog me down and endurance avoids physical fatigue thanks to the increased clearance from the extra capillaries!

11.23.2007

The Best Anti-Psych Post

Pharmaceutical firms linked to defining DSM diagnostic criteria. Proving, it's all about the money. This is a brilliant reference! I knew this, and rhetorically have asked people why so many of the so-called "disorders" could fit symptomatic criteria of almost any person (insinuating that the pharmaceuticals need to make money from diagnoses, and, thus, make diagnostic criteria incredibly generalized), but your reference illustrates the financial evidence behind the malign and deception. Thanks, WP, for revealing this! Here's a juicy quote:
"Every psychiatric expert involved in writing the standard diagnostic criteria for disorders such as depression and schizophrenia has had financial ties to drug companies that sell medications for those illnesses, a new analysis has found."
The Insanity of Psychiatry
I think one of the most obvious examples that illustrates how the psychiatric sham can't consistently diagnose even the most simple subjects (obviously, because such diagnoses simply do not exist!) is the famous Rosenhan experiment. Designed by David Rosenhan of 1972, the experiment involved "pseudopatients" consisting of perfectly healthy grad students, phycians, psychiatrists, and pediatricians" acting as if they had hallucinatory symptoms and trying to get accepted by 12 prestigious hospitals around the country. They were all accepted. And the greatest blunder of psychiatry is revealed when the hospital staff (after being informed that some of the patients were part of the experiment) couldn't identify the pseudopatients from the real ones and thought some actual patients were pseudopatients! The misdiagnosis of their own misdiagnosis! Ultimately, David Rosenhan single-handedly proved (with his experiment team, of course) that the psychiatric business not only inherently possesses flaws in diagnoses, but also in remission and contingency diagnoses. In short, shrinks don't have the capacity to correctly scrutinize "patients" before and after diagnoses, making the entire diagnostic process a pathetic, ridiculous joke, only to be believed by greedy pharmaceutical companies, shady psychiatrists, or the blundering status quo.


What is this like? How unheard of is that? That's like having the prison wardens make the laws depending on how many jail cells are available! Oh, if they're running out of incarceration space (or, to draw the analogy, have plenty of money), make the laws loose; if they have surplus space (running out of money), make the laws tight and bring in more criminals (or more patients). Utterly ass-backwards. What's even worse? Psychiatric shrinks nor patients don't get insurance money if you don't diagnose. That alone gives an enormous incentive towards labeling, and not emotional help. True help is too subjective and unprofitable. Objectified 'therapeutic applications' are second in line if drugs are not given. Wow this is shocking, so in the psychiatric profession along with the insurance companies, "emotional help" is unprofitable. Saying that genuine emotional help doesn't really legitimize financial profit, is about as "logical" as saying that all lay-ups in basketball don't count only jump shots. The very warped financial provisos of the psychiatric profession discourage genuine help and encourage the mutation of and maladaptively warping of someone's delicate physiology by shoving pills down their throat.

This site offers an amazing repertoire of anti-psychiatric papers, references, and links, but ont of hte most notable was this article by Dr. Douglas A. Smith. Where Dr. Smith enlightened us and confirmed our beliefs that "All biopsychiatric treatments share a common mode of action -- the disruption of normal brain function" (Peter Breggin, M.D., Brain Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry, Springer Pub. Co., 1997, p. 3). Drugs never correct imbalances. They never improve the brain. They "work" by impairing the brain and dampening feelings in various ways." Again psychiatric medical treatments impair our life and merely subdue and bury our normal brain functioning; psychiatric medicines are NEVER productive.

The existence of all mental disorders is refuted here
. The most clarifying part of Mr. Stevens' article is the understanding that labeling someone with a mental disease is only saying that the labeler disapproves of the person's personal mentality. That's all mental disorders are. They don't exist as anything else other than a a sophisticated insult. They certainly do not insinuate the taking of medication, therapy, nor "healing" anymore than calling someone an "idiot" does.

Finally some reading that is "safe" to absorb because it propels a world view of which I have been such a fervent supporter, instigator, and communicator.


Also, this organization, The Truth about Psychology and Psychiatry, tied in with Mental Health Radio, is absolutely brilliant stuff.
You are never locked into your genes
Bruce Lipton, Ph.D has incredibly ground-breaking and empowering work in epigenetics. Where "his experiments, examining in great detail the molecular mechanisms by which cells process information, have revealed that genes do not in fact control our behavior, instead, genes are turned on and off by influences outside the cell." Drawing from his own studies and degrees with psychiatry on a first-hand basis, Jay Joseph's, Psy.D cornerstone book called the Gene Illusion shows how the psychiatric basis of genetics is easily challenged.

The mind-body concept was said to have been started by Dr. Larry Dossey, M.D. His sound wisdom and calculated practice is miraculously insightful and inspiring. Some key terms here are pygmalion effect and how conventional medicine chase the expectation of how students should behave in classrooms or how the status quo archetype of a human should behave. Allopathy, on the other hand, creates a healing solution based on an ideal, instead of chasing a fleeting expectation as conventional medicine does. There's a concept of readiness to change and willingness to change; you have to incorporate a lifestyle change (removed of drugs) to ultimately connect with your genuine existence.

Some relevant terms.

After growing up (barely) in a highly warped family nexus, I experienced the maddening Gregory Batesonian "double bind" phenomenon. Which is defined in the NLP dictionary as well as detailed here. Boy would I have loved to be a student of Dr. Robert David Laing. Unfortuantely, this brilliant Scottish psychiatrist past away when I was 6, but I completely and totally agree with his disbelief in the existence of the "mental illness". I am such a strong supporter of that belief and upon reading his bio, I felt as though I was reading many of my own ideas. For a very generalized view of how Democracy has ironically warped into a paradoxical entity undermining our personal freedoms, check out this video of the BBC The Trap, which includes interviews with Laing and Nash. The most astounding inteviews revealed how, specifically with schizophrenic patients, the pressure-cooker within the power and control of the family nexus perpetuates and actually manufactures symptoms of so-called disorders. Laing dissected the family nexuses with game theory.
Here's some footage.
Leonard Frank's harrowing account of insulin electro-shock therapy. This is so revolting. Franks, like anyone who interacts with psychiatry, was seriously physically and emotionally ABUSED by psychiatry. Abuse is an understatement, torture, is more relevant.
Finally, this is the epicenter, the culminating piece to this anti-psych post:
YES! I'm so happy about this. I'm so happy to see people who viciously hate psychiatry as much as I; it feels so restructuring to see people who've witnessed how corrupt and fraudulent all of psychiatry is; and to see that I am not alone in my total understanding that psychiatry does kill. It feels good to not be alone in my beliefs.
Some quick facts from the movie:
  • In the past 4 decades twice (2x) TWICE the number of people have died in government psychiatric hospitals than all World Wars since 1776 COMBINED! Where is the battle being fought, we should ask? Psychiatric hospitals need to not exist.
  • 6 million -- 6 MILLION! - American Children take prescribed psychiatric medication.
  • Psychiatrists think 1 Billion people have some mental illness.
  • $2 Trillion pumped into psychiatry. 0 cures. It's the biggest, most inhumane, and grossly violating scam possible.
  • 543 Million people have been prescribed psychiatric drugs.
  • "It's really tragic; It's awful. And it's being done for money. That's why it's being done."
  • "There is no reliability of diagnosis; it's just science. It's all just pseudoscience."
The corruption, evil, dark sinister fraudelence, and totally brutal inhumanity is much bigger than we think. The psychiatric industry needs to be boycotted or abolished or terrorized or made illegal; or all of the above. Psychiatrists are the dark-minded, malign Thought police who sit tucked away in their demonic corridors crafting new diseases and publishing them in papers.

This article from the NYT has got to be one of my favorites, called "Drug Approved. Is Disease Real?" Haha! That's great! It debunks, questions, and ridicules the existence of diseases. The article just reveals the entire pharmaceutical scam for what it is: a sham built on a sham of nebulous non-existent fictional diseases that do not exist!! That's my mantra baby! That's what I believe! I KNOW and UNDERSTAND that ALL those DSM psychiatric diseases DO NOT EXIST. Diseases =DNE. That's an error you get in programming and that's the error that should arise whenever anyone mentions a disease. Disease=DNE! Best news? The article is FRESH off the presses. It's January, 2008! The world is creeping up on psychiatry and it's going down. Big time! It's going down in a whimpering fire-ball of lying DSM manuals and deceitful pharmaceutical companies. I'm telling you. NOW is the time to INVEST in serious alternative medicine stocks. Psychiatry will not exist 50 year from now. The world will grow into its intelligent shoes and won't play dumb for much longer. And if you "own" for some god forsaken idiotic reason pharmaceutical stocks or something of the like (What? Are you a moron?) get rid of them ASAP. And if you're career is in psychiatry and/or pharmaceuticals? My obvious advice is change careers immediately. But, hey, some people "like sinking ships" for some reason. I personally, do not, which is why I'm going to be floating by with alternative medicine watching the cataclysmic hilarity as psychiatric and pharmaceutical professions -- entire careers -- plunge and sink! All while the alternative medicine, natural healing healing, flies HIGH big time. Now THAT's the remedy!

I can't describe how infuriating it is to discover that a loved one, or someone whom you thought was a loved one, believes that you have some disorder, when you know such "disorders" are part of a corporate-pharmaceutical-psychiatric scheme to make money. Unfortunately, for them, but anyone who encourages, practices, or endorses psychiatry, I automatically labelled a myopic imbecile; it's truly the only logical conclusion once your see the facts (of which psychiatry has none). Enron is a saint compared to psychiatry. All Enron did was just jumble a few accounting books, hurting the image, reputation, nor physiological health of no one. Psychiatry cannot say the same because it's sole profiteering mission is composed of more and more maliciously fabricated ways to destroy the image and reputation and shatter physiological health in people. PETA slaughtering animals and skinning them alive, while savagely repulsive, does not match the untamed cruelty of psychiatry.

Here's the clincher. Pharmaceuticals issued Heroin. Yes, the drug that has caused millions of deaths.

"From 1898 through to 1910 heroin was marketed as a non-addictive morphine substitute and cough medicine for children. Bayer marketed heroin as a cure for morphine addiction before it was discovered that heroin is converted to morphine when metabolized in the liver, and as such, "heroin" was basically only a quicker acting form of morphine. The company was somewhat embarrassed by this new finding and it became a historical blunder for Bayer.[9]"

Pharmaceuticals are legal drug pushers. That's pretty disturbing and extremely wrong. The case has lucidity and clarity. Drug companies, psychiatry, and the like kills.

Finally, the great, brilliant, talented and burgeoning actor, Heath Ledger: let's not forget how he died: "Mr. Heath Ledger died as the result of acute intoxication by the combined effects of oxycodone, hydrocodone, diazepam, temazepam, alprazolam and doxylamine."[13][15]" Psychiatric drugs. That's right. Psychiatric drugs kills talent, lives, souls, it's the most destructive evil in the West.

The solution is Eastern medicine, natural healing, balance with NLP, healthy diet, and solid intense exercise. We need to stop creating unhealthy schisms between our mind and body by terminating all western medicinal foul toxins and embracing the already-potent natural chemicals of the human endocrinology and natural exercise and the potency of natural whole food and nourishment!
There's only one valid type of medicine: positive nlp life-coaching and laughter.

11.19.2007

Being "Thick" Ain't so Bad

Apparently the thickness of the somatosensory cortex of the brain corresponds to various diseases. Scientific evidence has shown that those with migraine headaches indicate a thicker somatosensory cortex. However, in contrast, a key component of autisum, multiple sclereosis, and Alzheimer's is a thin somatosensory cortex. Hey,while undeniably painful, at least those migraines I used to have are somewhat neurologically auspicious!

10.11.2007

Fascinating Medical Terminology

3 Dimensions divide any bilaterally-symmetrical organism's body into three distinct planes with three axes.

Bodily Axes
  1. AP/VD: AnteroPosterior (Front to Back); Coronal, Y-Z, x-axis.
    1. In Vertebrates, Antero-Posterior = Ventral-Dorsal or RostroCaudal, beak (rostral) to tail (caudal)
  2. DS: Lateral (Dextro-Sinistral Axis)-- Right (dexter) to Left (sinister); Sagittal, X-Z, y-axis
    1. Vertebrates and humans have identical laterial axes
  3. SI/Superior-Inferior Axis (Head to Feet); Transverse, X-Y, z-axis
    1. In Vertebrates, Superior-Inferior = Anterior-Posterior (careful, a bit confusing!)
Vertebrates use the same axis, head-to-feet, left-to-right, and front-to-back, but they're on all fours so obviously, the front and back IS head-to-feet and front and back are not forward and backward as with bipeds, but bottom (ventral) to back (dorsal). Good note, vertebrates have no "superior" becomes on all fours, head becomes anterior.

Extrapolation. So if you bonk your head (superior) and have to crawl on all fours for your classes, your head (superior) becomes your anterior and your butt stays posterior (or more technically turns caudal, as in "tail")! Your butt is posterior for vertebrates and bipeds a like! Then your stomach (previously anterior) becomes ventral and your back (formerly posterior) becomes dorsal. Then let's say you do some crazy yoga pose with your left hand extened high in the air, but are rotated sideways on your inclined outstretched legs (you torso twist). Then your left hand becomes superior (or dorsal), while your right hand is ventral, your chest to back becomes lateral and your head to feet are anterior-posterior!

Bodily Planes

The bodily axis are totally warped, viewed from a person's head lying horizontally, on his side, so
  • Coronal Plane: Anteroposterior is X-axis
  • Sagittal Plane: Lateral is Y-axis
  • Transverse Plane: SuperiorInferior is Z-axis
But that's not that important, the more important thing is the planes created in those three areas by each axis. The important thing is the three planes that are created based on each axis. Lateral axis creates sagittal plane, superior-inferior axis creates the transverse and the anteroposterior axis creates the coronal (front-facing) plane. A great memory key is sagittal comes from "like an arrow" in reference to how the spine is like an arrow dividing the body and divides the body into lateral halves.

  • Superficial-Visceral -- Surface-level and Inner Organs.
  • Proximodistal Axis -- Close to torso (proximal), away from torso (distal).

Thus, you could say, with respect to my torso, my proximal limbs (shoulder, thigh) all get great blood flow, but my distal appendages (fingers and toes) frequently get low blood circulation and can fall asleep!

10.01.2007

Tips for Staying Healthy and Consistent Weight

Nutrition
The big tip here revolves around the fact that we can plan our meals and stay focused and eat our "prescribed" health food as much as we want. We've all tried the diets. The problem is when those diets collapse, our temptation resistance caves, and we lunge for the nearest bag of junk food. The best way to overcome this, simply, is to NOT do diets! Diets never work. No one "likes" diets long enough to stay on them. You can't cut corners; you have to go the hard route and find a nutritional set of foods that are simultaneously enjoyable and healthy.

HUGE Tip: Most importantly, litter your kitchen with snack food, but healthy snack food (cut up pineapple, salads, dried nuts) so when you get an uncontrollable urge for food, you wolf down something healthy and then don't guilt-trip yourself, and prevent a downward spiral.

Consistent Workouts
Working out for the sake of exercise and not some reward is the key to consistent workouts. I've seen runners reward themselves with breakfast or a donut or some food after a workout. I've seen people do cardio workouts just yearning to take off those 5 pounds. Losing pounds and food rewards make poor reinforcement. Why? Because then you begin to obsess about the pounds and the food reward! Diets never work because a few pounds become an obsession, a huge victory! You end up limiting yourself by turning a molehill into a mountain. Did you know that some marathon runners can lose 12 pounds in 2 hours (the length of their race)? 12 pounds in two hours! Then there's dieters jumping for joy if they lose 5 pounds in two weeks! Although this is physiologically impossible, for the sake of mathematics, at the same loss-rate of 12 pounds/2hours, in 2 weeks, a marathoner could lose 2,016 pounds, while you're losing 5! Of course, yes, yes, we know that's physiologically impossible, but just think of those marathoners that lose weight at rate 40,320% faster than the 5 pounds/week people! The purpose of all this is to show that when you don't focus on losing weight, you're more likely to have control of your weight and to have success with your body-mass goals; A watched pot never boils, remember, an watched weight is never lost!

Stretch
Stretch. Period. Stretch. Yoga. Body Alignment. Anything you do that gets you closer to knowing your own physiology. There have been numerous studies showing how excessive malnourished eating is derived from stress. Furthermore, combined studies have shown that after sitting at a computer desk for hours on end and some of the other societally-warped behaviors in which we participate, some of our own muscles and tendons become strained and created inner tension. For example, your sternocleidomastoid (neck muscle) may become tight causing you to strain to simple stand upright. That additional strain creates stress and causes you to over-eat. Stretching will help reduce stress, align your body, and get you more in touch with your own physiology. You'll feel more conscious of what you eat and have less of an inclination to shove junk food in your system.

I stretch before and, more vigorously, after workouts. Your body is warmed up after a workout and you can extend your flexibility with the increased limberness. But it's shocking how much more control you have over your appetite with a stretching routine. Your body ceases to feel like an amorphous mass as you become acquainted with the delicate and highly precise alignment of 206 bones, over 300 muscles, and hundreds of ligaments and joints. Stretching is the number one way to achieve body mastery.

Bottom-line Question: Have you ever seen a fat gymnast? Point taken.

9.13.2007

The Cat Vet

Cat Vocalizations
Caring for your cat with a Flowchart so it gets the attention it needs and you care for it without feeling over-worked.
Okay, Cats have 7 -- yes, count them, seven -- primary vocalizations. First, there exists what I refer to as the 2 "okay" vocalizations -- purring and happy meowing, 1 sign of interest, the most bizarre chattering, chirruping sound, and then 4 vocalizations of necessity -- meowing or screeching in distress, protest, frustration, and for attention. You can really clump the cat's vocalizations into two groups of 2 and 5 different effects, too. The purring and chirruping and then the five types of "meows" -- four of which imply necessity, 1 implies happiness and agreeability. Purring sounds like the most jaded two-sided vocalization because purring typically means great satisfaction (like when being petted or eating) or in the midst of great pain (like with an injury).

So the best way to auditorially "decipher" your cat you should just set up a nested if-else statement as follows:


if (cat meows)
{
if (rises and falls)
The cat feels Happy;
Good job. Don't worry about the cat.
else-if (aversion meows)
{
do
Identify the aversion meow as frustration, protest, or distress.
{
if (sigh or snort)
With sound occurs with motions of necessity (beckoning to be let out, lurking around bowl)
The cat feels Frustration;
Help the cat achieve the goal such as overcoming loneliness, hunger, or boredom or distract the cat from that goal;
else-if (whine or hiss)
The cat Protests something;
Look at the water-bowel, over-petting, some other obstacle or action that could irritate the cat;
else-if (high-pitched shrieking loud and frantic)
The cat feels Distress;
Extricate the cat from the distressing situation;
var loopcount=-1
loopcount++
if (loop count >2) break;
}
while (cat emits aversion sounds)
else-if(short)
With intrusive behavior (jumping around you)
The cat seeks Attention and/or Greets you;
Pet, welcome, and play with the cat;
else-if (cat purrs)
while (!(cat purrs && doesn't gravitate to you))
{
if (cat shows disfigurement and/or signs of suffering)
The cat feels pain;
Help heal the cat;
else
The cat welcomes and greets you;
Pet and "say hello" to the cat;
var loopcount=-1
loopcount++
if (loop count >2) break;
}
The cat feels content || you have checked it 3 times and given it adequate time;
else-if (cat chirrups or chatters)
The cat holds interest in something.
Investigate in what the cat finds interesting to learn about your cat's fascinations.
}



With that flow diagram, you can quickly decipher exactly what you cat "feels" from what she vocalizes to you and respond accordingly.

Examples: If you identify the cat as feeling distressed, look at the environment. Is she snagged on something? Is she locked in a room? Or if you identify the cat seeks attention, pet it, play with it, etc. If the cat gives vocalizations of frustration, you could help it reach the toy that it keeps chasing after or if it

Purring has the most diverse meaning because it can signify pain, pleasure, or greeting. Generally, the purr indicates a positive feeling in the cat.

In reference to the pain purring, I had a very strange thing occur one time with a kitten. The kitten had a collar on and when I checked in on it, it had removed the collar some how. I could only assume that it had jammed on something and come undone. Apparently in that process it sounded like it damaged its vocal chords and excessively “purred” (likely the painful kind) after the incident. ). If a cat gets an internal injury that results in a constant purr-pain state, you should just return it or vet it.

The protest (whine), frustration (snort or sigh), and distress (ear-piercingly shrill meow) are in the same group, but the distress meow, usually is the only thing you can directly do something about. If the cat gets immersed in water or touches a hot stove or catches its paw in something, expect the distress meow. Distress meows can usually, fortunately, be resolved most quickly. Many times, you'll have to ignore the frustration or protest meow because identifying its cause may be too vague. For example, the cat could see some other cat walk outside and whine-meow in protest of not being able to chase after it and then snort in frustration and you may not have even seen the other cat, so determining the source of its protest may be impossible in such a situation. Generally, a protest is a lighter form of a distress, and a frustration is a lighter form of a protest.

So you could plug in a separate do-while loop check to see if it vocalizes aversion sounds like this

do
Identify the aversion meow as frustration, protest, or distress.
{
if (sigh or snort)
With sound occurs with motions of necessity (beckoning to be let out, lurking around bowl)
The cat feels Frustration;
Help the cat achieve the goal such as overcoming loneliness, hunger, or boredom or distract the cat from that goal;
else-if (whine or hiss)
The cat Protests something;
Look at the water-bowel, over-petting, some other obstacle or action that could irritate the cat;
else-if (high-pitched shrieking loud and frantic)
The cat feels Distress;
Extricate the cat from the distressing situation;
var loopcount=-1
loopcount++
if (loop count >2) break;
}
while (cat emits aversion sounds)

The above loop ensures that you will try to help the cat if it displays frustration, protest, or distress, but you won't spend your entire life helping the cat because the loop breaks after three loops, ensuring that you will have given the cat MORE than adequate amount of attention, affection, and your efforts to heal and/or help it. This may seem like overly-simplified labeling but it's either that or becoming confused and then frustrated yourself. Two animals frustrated is worse of than one; so label, label, label away and run the do-while loop!

Then you're only left with the attention (short) and happy (rise and fall) meows, which are easy to identify.

The purring has this while loop.

else-if (cat purrs)
while (!(cat purrs && doesn't gravitate to you))
{
if (cat shows disfigurement and/or signs of suffering)
The cat feels pain;
Help heal the cat;
else
The cat welcomes and greets you;
Pet and "say hello" to the cat;
var loopcount=-1
loopcount++
if (loop count >2) break;
}
The cat feels content you have checked it 3 times and given it adequate time;

This loop will first check to see if the cat purrs with the presence of visible signs of pain or excessive gravitation to you. In short, this checks to see if the cat is in pain or seeks attention and greeting first, if those are not met, the loop breaks we know the cat feels content. Otherwise, we enter the loop and check to see if it shows signs of suffering, and to remedy that, if not, we can assume that it just is greeting you and seeks attention with its purring. Like the other loop, this loop breaks after three counts to ensure you don't spend your entire time being controlled by your cat's purring, but gives the cat adequate caring.

So to be organized with this. The cat has three aversion meows

Frustration
Protest
Distress

If you don't hear those, you're generally safe to assume that the cat feels "okay" about things. Otherwise any other meows are attention-seeking, greeting, or happiness meows and we'll assume that. So if the cat meows and it isn't an aversion meow, you can assume it's either seeking attention, happy, or greeting you. If it purrs, it could feel pain, pleasure, or greet you; respond accordingly.

The greeting vocalization is the only emotion that has a purr and the attention-seeking-greeting meow.

Conclusively, the entire loop has a three step initial if-statement. You just check to see if the cat meows, purrs, or chatters, and then follow into the nested statements with whichever of those conditions occurs. Within the meowing if-statement, you have to there exists three main conditions, too, the happy meow, aversion meows (which, in turn, have three sub-categories based on the do-while check), and the attention-seeking-greeting meow.

If the vocalization branches into the purring, purrs only have three meanings: pleasure, pain, or the seeking-greeting meow behavior.

Finally, if the cat chatters, this means one thing: she has an interest in something! This generally mimics the cat death-bite used to kill small prey like birds, rodents, or chipmunks in the wild. If the cat sees one of those animals (like out the window), it may simply get excited and use the chattering sound!

Claws
The best way to deal with cat claws is to cap them or clip them yourself.

Kneading
Kneading feels very pleasurable for cats. This sounds strange to use because usually the animal being kneaded (massaged) gets the pleasure, but kneading brings back memories of the cat’s early kitten days when it kneaded its mother’s nipples for milk. This sounds very strange, but sometimes, kneading produces an orgasmic like effect for the cat! In short, kneading pleases cats greatly.

Playing
I want to play with my cats -- big time. It should feel like a fun experience to have them solve problems. Many times cats will dive bomb your feet as you walk by, too. This again, simply indicates that the cat wants to play and may feel bored. With adequate cat furniture, toys, or other cats for stimulation, the cat may not dive-bomb your legs anymore. Another maneuver, typically indicative of a bored cat who wants to play, in addition to the ankle dive-bomb is the ambush, where the cat will pounce on your as you enter its “domain” area. This simply shows boredom and eagerness to play and does not indicate a lack of trust of you in its lair or anything else.

Food
I definitely don’t’ want a Garfield fat cat (although I wouldn’t mind a cat with Garfield’s cool, witty personality), but a skeleton cat doesn’t sound healthy either. A skinny, agile cat makes the best companion

Marking
Okay, there exist two kinds of marking territory – the good kind and the bad kind. The bad kind is spraying, urinating on areas. This generally represents a problem with the cat. The cat may feel intimidated by something – like another cat it sees – or just may feel uncomfortable with a certain environmental variable. The spraying marking is a protest and indication of frustration with the cat. You should treat the second kind of marking as a compliment! Cats have special facial glands under their chin and on their face that release hormones when rubbed. If you cat rubs its face on your feet or some similar gesture, this means it’s “marking you” with those facial pheromones, claiming you as his – a great compliment, indeed!

Water
If you want to go extra fancy, running the cat’s water through a filter to purify it might make it healthier; plus cats don’t drink tons of water anyways. This sounds surprising considering that they are obligate carnivores, meaning they eat meat and only meat. Meat generally tastes salty, so the fact that they don’t drink a ton of water may come as a shock, but it’s still good to know that purification could make a good alternative to just general tap water.

Play Behavior
Animals are all about love (licking, petting, purring!). While this may get annoying after awhile, I think humans -- cnn, etc. -- have lost that tendency for love because they don't galvanize their compassionate reservoir.

Discipline
Disciplining and training the cat can be a complicated, complex, demanding task, at times . For example, if your cat pees on the carpet and you say “No” loudly and throw it in the litter box, it may then “learn” through operant conditioning not to not pee on the carpet, but that the litter box means pain and is “wrong”! So if you cat bites you, try to just blow in its face and maybe reinforce this by saying “no”, but always substitute the biting with a straw or some other “teething-approved” item. The key with training the cat revolves around knowing that you can’t change the cat’ behavior, generally. Substituting the maladaptive behavior with approved behavior is the best thing to do. For example, if the cat constantly tackles you, let it keep tackling, but get it to tackle with a toy or another cat. Bottom-line: you cannot discipline a cat like you discipline a dog or any other animal. Cats exist in their own world. They don’t see a swat on the nose as “disciplining”; they may see it as an instigation to play and become more aggressive, or consider to as play, or they will “stop doing” a different thing. The best way to discipline your cat is through substituting the “disruptive habits” with good toys or play zones.

Here's another great link on vocalizations.

Fun cat factoids:
  • A cat can recognize its owner's footsteps from hundreds of feet away.
  • A cat's meal is the equivalent of 5 mice.
  • A cat can jump up to 7 times its height (tigers can jump as high as 16 feet or as far as 33 feet).
  • Cats can recognize their owner's footsteps up to 100 feet away.
  • Compared to the dog's 10 vocalizations, cats have access to about 90 different types of vocalizations.
  • Some mythology believes cats are exalted, all-knowing souls but are left "mute" and thus can't influence human decisions.
  • Body temperature of cats is about 4 degrees hotter (102) and their heart beats about 100 times faster (around 160 bpm)
  • Cats and dogs are digitigrades; they walk directly on their toes.
  • Cats directly register when walking, meaning their hind legs step in the footprints of the forelegs, minimizing noise and tracks.

8.27.2007

High Intensity Training (HITs)

Just came back from the gym with a VERY awesome new little workout skill, HIT.

Started by Arthur Jones, the BRILLIANT AND RIGHT-ON hits training totally works by doing fast maximal workouts – highest performativity – and spending short highly focused workouts in the gym, instead of hours on end (it goes away from the shwarzennegar style of training!).

Jones is listed as one of Forbes' 400 richest people.

The coolest thing – and most distinguishing feature – of HIT is the LONG cadence, incredibly slow cadence. It can take 8-30 seconds for one repitition (normally a repitition with regular weight training is about 1 second at most!). So it isolates the muscle and really works things out!
I don't buy into the controversy of HIT causing bad form because you focus on such slow cadencies of each single rep that your form goes MUCH more smoothly, much better, really than normal lifting!

HIT stresses intensity over repitition. I've done tons of routines and regimented repititions, so my body has been craving the intensity. It fits perfectly in with my physiological needs.

7.27.2007

Heart Attacks -- Infarction

Some quick medical jargon.

Myocardial Infarction (MI). Sound familiar? Well how about "Heart Attack". The same. Infarction is the diseased state of a temporary (or permanent) loss of blood to tissue. The heart, composed of myocardial tissue, that doesn't get enough (or no) blood for a period of time experiences a Myocardial Infarction, or Heart Attack. Nifty to know; not nifty to experience.

To Puff or Definitely not to Puff

Take a drag of that cigarette (not!). Here's what will happen if you do (so don't!)...

  1. Hyperglycemia. Your biochemical insulin production completely shuts down so your glucose blood level balance gets out of rhythm Glucose levels rise. You become temporarily hyperglycemic.
  2. Dopamine Incease. Neurosynaptic re-uptake transporters for dopamine become blocked so the amount of dopamine in the synapses keeps flowing and the recieving cell continues recieving the neurotransmitters. Dopamine pleasure circuits keep firing, but become "abused" and will be more difficult to fire in the future.
  3. Epinephrine Release. Your brain's hormonal centers start a sequence that releases epinephrine. You feel temporarily more alert, but later, your flight/fight response will be thrown out of whack by this repetitive "false alarm".
Those happen with every drag -- a drag, yeah...that's right!

This of course doesn't mention the long-term build-up. The emphyzema, angina pectoris (chest pain due to lack of blood to the heart, or ischemia), chronic bronchitis, system fibrosis (lung tissuue scarring), throat, gum, and lung cancer. Yeah, not fun!

6.17.2007

Jogging and Bone Density

They say milk does a body good? Well, running does a body better!

Joggers have stronger bones. Think of the astronauts in space that must vigorously exercise just to prevent ligament, cartilage, and muscle atrophy. The same is true for our bones and humans who jog on a regular basis. They have stronger bone density, and those who jog over 9 times per month, have the strongest bone density out of a study of thousands of participants. So if you can count the number of times you jog per month on both hands, you can say you have stronger bones than the average Joe who doesn't.

4.17.2007

Commencing Peace & Smiling More

The profoundly personally uplifting and extra-personally revitalizing effects of smiling are clear. We should be interested in authentically smiling more. It makes others feel happy, but essence of a good smiling exchange lies in the motive. The intention can’t be to smile for the other person because then you’re going to want to elicit a certain reaction and set yourself up for failure. When you demand a reaction from another person (ideally a positive one) your mood automatically gets transferred to the other party. If you smile for the other person and they frown or don’t smile back, or do something undesirable, it could cripple your mood. I am reluctant to smile for fear of that “encroaching smile” where someone is pushing all this energy on you and you feel obligated to reciprocate the smile. The encroaching smile is usually superficial. As Alfred Lord Tennyson put it: ”A smile abroad is often a scowl at home.” Such disingenuous smiles are precisely what we should fear and never engage, because to appear outwardly falsely benign, while being critical and loathing internally, really just tarnishes the unlimited uplifting possibility of a smile as a gift.

Unlike the Tennyson encroaching smile, a genuine truthful smile is a gift.

So smiling from within is actually rare because it’s almost “indifferent”. Smiling from within is when you’re smiling and just happen to be looking in someone’s direction, but it’s the best kind of smile because in addition to being genuine, it’s impenetrably strong, unwavering, and it’s very secure. It actually boils down to a fairly complicated process when you think about it. Mother Teresa writes:

“Peace begins with a smile. Every time you smile at someone, it is an action of love, a gift to that person, beautiful thing.”

A smile means a lot. If you don’t do the encroaching smile, it sounds a little over-hyped, but if you’ve received an authentic beaming facial gesture, you can recollect its potency. Mother Teresa says the opposite of war -- peace – commences instantly with the presence of a smile. An authentic genuine smile means all that – peace, beauty, a gift – and more, but it’s difficult to create those sincere, authentic smiles. So there's the encroaching "Tennyson" smile and the truthful genuine smile; we want the latter. But with practice you can learn that impenetrably unwavering smile and it is fun to utilize and share because you aren’t trying to create a reaction, but you almost usually do.

8.04.2006

Everything aesthetic has a biological logical explanation:

Hourglass figures like Marilyn Monroe....women with large breasts and narrow waists have higher hormone levels.

Women with higher hormone levels -- esrogen levels -- are more attractive.

In times of scarcity, heavier women are more attractive.

All of those "attractive" elements of beauty are not Maybeline cosmetics or high heels, it's purely biology, wired directly to the sole goal of reproduction. Hourglass figures, estrogen, heaviness ensure, respectively, potential to bear children, potential to successful be infertilized, and, in times of famine, to provide nourishment for reproduction.

Scientific studies have shown high breast to under-breast ratios and low waist to hip ratios reveal higher hormone levels. The beautification of the "Barbie" has some biological grounding.

Pheromones -- those odorless, sightless chemicals can dupe men into being attracted to a moderately attractive women or a woman normally not considered to be attractive. In the sexual tug-of-war, pheromones are the wild card.

6.03.2006

Listen Up Fatties (Just Kidding)

People Don't Lose Weight for three reasons. It's question of worth, capacity or understanding.

  • Self-Worth -- You don't believe that you deserve to lose the weight.

  • Realm of Possibility/Capacity -- You don't believe it's capable.

  • Knowlede Base/Understanding -- You simply don't know what you're doing.

Diets don't work because they're restrictive. When you restrict yourself, you rebel.
If you want to lose weight don't diet. According to Occam's Razor, the answer is always a simple one; dieting is no exception. The answer is not the complex Atkins, South Beach "formulaes". Those lead to yo-yo dieting which increase your chances of heart disease by 70%. The answer is simple. Put down the fork, stop eating, and hit up the gym.

3.08.2006

Twelve-Stepping Goddess Energy to Kundalini and Individuation

Gopi Krishna writes on the topic of Chakras saying, “the description of charkas and lotuses, of supernatural signs and omens accompanying success in the practice, of the miraculous powers attainable, the genesis of the system and the origin of the various methods are so overdone and full of exaggeration that to the uninitiated the whole conception embodied in the ancient literature on the subject appears incredible if not preposterous” (Krishna 104). Indeed the lore of the energizing force of Kundalini is quite extensive. Even outside Hinduism, Kundalini is associated with sexual energy, or even in some cultures and mythologies a “Goddess energy”.

New Age Goddesses refer to goddess spirituality, but the goddess force can be associated with a variety of stances from conservative, to male or female dominance, to empire building, to equality. Goddess worship is usually common in Pagan and Neopagan religions and denominations. It’s difficult to assess from whence goddess worship originated, but many consider it to be from prehistoric times, where the “Venus of Willendorf” (a Paleolithic statuette found in Austria in `908) may represent the fertility goddess. Mythologically, the concept of Goddess ranges from war to fertility connotations. In Sumerian mythology, Inanna is oldest known goddess, dating back to a very late date.

Because the concept covers the full “love and war” spectrum it is difficult to associated the idea of goddess with anything more than what they frequently represent. The goddess most frequently symbolizes fertility – watching over, promoting, and taking care of fertility, pregnancy, and birth. . The fertility goddess is the most frequent representation with the Greek Aphrodite, the Egyptian Hathor and Isis, and in Norse mythology, Freya, are all goddesses of fertility. In Celtic mythology, Morrigan is the goddess of war. In almost all polytheistic cultures, some kind of fertility god or goddess, in sense, a “Cupid God” is in charge of promoting sex and fertility. At parties I definitely have the tendency to observe attractions and to try to spark some engagement between the disparate, but magnetic groups. Any matchmaker aims to play the fertility god or goddess role, but, usually never understands the complexity of the chemistry.

Sexual energy has provoked some of the most far-fetched theories, wildest projections, and is claimed to be the most creative form energy. Almost every civilization for every generation has a different interpretation of sexual energy – but each culture has something entirely unique to say about it.

In ancient Aramaic, the Semitic language spoken along with Arabic and Hebrew, which voiced some of the greatest biblical stories, discussed how sexual energy is a creative and healing force, and the ancient connotation of “church” is the flesh, which could be connected to a sexual force. The ancient, Minoan, Celtic, and Sumerian civilization referred to the sexual energies as the powerful, commanding Goddess force, which was to be worshipped. The Chinese had a much more docile relationship to the life force, calling it Chi. A German view of sexual energy, put forth by Wilhelm Reich, was an Odic force called orgonic energy, which was considered to be in all matter, trees, meteorological patterns, orgasms, and the cosmos. There is the Freudian concept of Libido, and the list goes on. Ancient civilizations had goddess force; the Chinese centered on Chi; Reich called upon the orgonic force; Freud psychologically scrutinized libido; and the Hindus believed in Kundalini, one of the most powerful interpretations of sexual energy possible. All those interpretations of life force have similarities, but the Hindu variations are the most captivating because the raw, carnal, evolutionary power associated with Kundalini.

In Sanskrit, Kundalini means, literally, “coiled up” or “coiling snake” it is a serpent power. The Bible recommends that we “have the mind of a serpent and a heart of a dove”. Accessing Kundalini energy is vital to being strong in mind while compassionate in heart. With only the serpent mind, we would be caustic and manipulative; with only the compassionate heart, our gentleness would be trampled on. By access the Kundalini energy, we can create a healthy, resilient, intelligent interface for our compassion – ensuring that it is not discombobulated but expressed with vehemence and sincerity, and protected around malign.

Anatomically, the Kundalini energy is in the root chakra of the body, located curled around the sacrum. Hindus believe in the presence of 7 bodily charkas, each possessing certain characteristics. Each chakra:

  • Revolves at a different spin
  • Corresponds to a specific element
  • Causes a certain effect
  • Possesses a unique color
  • Is located in a certain place
  • Is associated with certain qualities of being.


The highest chakra, for example, the crown chakra revolves clockwise in men, corresponds to all elements, causes one to overcome self-limitations, is purple, located at the crown of the skull, and is associated with divine forces of the universe and cosmic energies. The lowest Chakra, the root chakra, is where we find the Kundalini force. The root chakra spins clockwise in men, is red, found in the lower pelvis, and is associated with the individual and physical world, embracing aspects such as “self-expression, ambition, consistency, desire for security, and self-survival. While the root chakra is associated with calming, tension-dissolving the effects, the Kundalini force generates quite the opposite sensation, generating a very raw and energizing power.

But Kundalini is associated with more than just a viciously energizing momentum; iconographically, it has been equated to the Greek Caduceus, shown here:



Symbolizing the Greek messenger God, Hermes, the Caduceus has two snakes coiling around a heralding stuff, making it a powerful symbol of the Greek God, Hermes, as a messenger, astrologer, healer, and creator and magical incantations that Hermes is associated with. Astrology, magical incantations, messages, healing all are connected with Hermes, which are symbolized in Kundalini.

To many Yogis, Kundalini was almost a deity in itself, symbolizing yogic awakening and spiritual energy. The rarity of Kundalini originates from the small number of ways it can be awakened. It is so special and unique because it is usually only brought on by:

  • A near-death experience (like a near-death car crash)
  • Sparked by meditation
  • Triggered by a blow to the head that initiates the body's reactionary system
  • Psychedelic drugs (or very intense sports which produce extreme physiological effects)
  • Committed types of intense yogic meditation and stretching.

Regardless of its onset, Kundalini is not an “altered state of consciousness”, but rather, the most natural state of consciousness imaginable. In other words, the Kundalini awakening embodies such a high level of unaltered consciousness that it appears like a mind-altered state. It operates only through a natural awakening of the intrinsic divine energy of the body. In other words, its one of the most awakening experiences your body can accomplish.

Altered states of conversation occur in a variety of circumstances including dreams, sleep, through drugs, meditation, or hypnosis. Kundalini is the only form of “altered state” of consciousness that is truly intrinsically natural. Dreams are natural but incredibly vague. The Greeks attribute one of three Gods to a certain dream. The dream gods are Morpheus, Phobetor, Phantasos.

  • Morpheus (aka “Sandman”)is the God of ultra-realistic dreams. There is a poem that goes, “I met at eve the Prince of Sleep, his was a still and smiling face”. The tone of that poem because of the location of adjectives before the nouns and the order of the imagery produces a very dream-like depiction.
  • Phantasos is the god of surrealistic dreams, from which the word fantasy is derived. If you dream of flying over fields of custard with giraffes mowing the lawn, you are experiencing the highly symbolic dream of Phantasos.
  • Phobetor is the god of nightmares from which the word “phobia” is derived. His dreams are of demons, ghosts, fear and fright.

All of these are valid dream associations, though, and psychologically a dream state is considered to be an altered state of consciousness.
Drugs are perhaps the least effective, most destructive, and outrageously stupid method of experiencing states of altered consciousness because of the addiction, the diverse mental and emotional side effects, the negative effects on the user’s mood and the like.

Meditation and Kundalini remain the most authentic and the most genuine methods are always the most potent. But the purpose with practitioners of Kundalini isn’t to access wild, psychedelic states of consciousness, but to unify their perceptions into harmonious whole that, through its synergy, appears mind-altered, but, in reality is authentic. When we experience humdrum perception fields, and “normal days”, with vapid colors we are, then, in a state of altered consciousness. Our authentic realm of sensual alertness explodes with colors and meaning. Therefore, accessing the so-called “altered state of consciousness” through natural means is simply re-accessing our “normal self”, and that unaltered normal self is remarkably illuminating and incredibly not original and bland.

Many religions access this the “authentic, unaltered, altered state of conscience” self through worship. The role of the Goddess especially has strong connections with Kundalini force. Goddess energy is frequently described as the sex appeal in women to which men succumb. When anyone succumbs to sex appeal the “fail to resist a typically negative, pressuring, or tempting force”. The question arises is sex appeal a negative force? Not really in the biological sense because anatomically, are DNA programs us to procreate; we are designed to reproduce, to pass on genes. However, the concept of dropping to the level of worshipping a fellow human being because of sex appeal not only relegates yourself, but it destroys the integrity of the human spirit.

For the longest time there has been the tendency to make a false dichotomy of classifying people into two categories. Although these stereotypes do not deliberately refer to women, they do occur that way:

  1. Heavy, husky, and unattractive BUT nice, low maintenance kind, authentic, “repentant, loving, subservient, reformed person” (Gilda 7)
  2. Slim, attractive, sexy BUT manipulative, high maintenance, up on a pedestal, superficial, “alluring, unbridled temptress”


Regardless of being gender-specific, that is an erroneous bifurcation because there just as easily are heavy-set people that are manipulative and slim, attractive people who are kind and warm. Somatype, body frame, poundage does not determine personality! Body size can have an impact, but it does not ultimately define one’s disposition and motivating agenda.

The deification of sex appeal more frequently arises in men, than from women, resulting in the “sex goddess” syndrome. The extremely desirable actresses, singers, sportswomen, or other lady celebrities (examples are Elle McPherson, Marilyn Monroe, Anna Kournikova, and the like) not only are treated as Goddess, but they create a social normal for attraction. “If you don’t find those societal goddesses attractive you are a homosexual or wired wrong” has become the warped and invalid cultural cliché. The dehumanization of this operates on a two-fold level. First, the goddess is objectified. Roseanne Burr coined the phrase “domestic goddess” in the 1980s, which simply meant housewife. Secondly, it manufactures a dangerous cultural groove (or for women in regards to “sex gods”) that “creates a disservice to women – one that interferes with the realities of normal male-female relationships” (Gilda 2). In other words, both women and men get trapped into either having their worship of the opposite sex interfere with authentic intimacy or they find themselves loving the façade, a deified image, and neglecting the warm, core individual.

Another problem with sex goddess fantasies is that aforementioned false bifurcation is created. Not only are their more classifications of those extremes, but each extreme is incredibly unrealistic. A living Barbie doll would be anatomically impossible. This is what a huge majority of women grew up idolizing, an image so warped and inhumanly realistic that it is physically impossible to attain. The “real Barbie”, calculated with the same real-world proportions would be like an alien species: given that the real-life Barbie is 6 feet tall, with an appropriate scale ratio factor, her “bust, waist, and hip measurements would be 33, 20.75, and 30.5 inches, respectively” (Europa 7). Anexoria, anemia, circulation problems would not doubt be plaguing the real-life version of this cultural, gender icon. But the power of role models is different from that of god or goddess images. You aim to become the role model, while the god or goddess is simply considered to be “too ideal; too magnificent; too great” to even bother trying to emulate. My question is why the emulation? Why the mimicry? Everyone has splinters of successful people unnaturally weaved into their disposition, congesting the vitality of their spirit. Hairstyles of famous people, facial gestures of celebrities, mannerisms and knick-knacks from the affluent and prestigious – such emulation does not brew success, but simply confusion. Successful people are successful not because they have imagery, but because they cultivate an original interface for interacting with the world aligned with their essence.

If you visit a jungle territory, you could find the repenitent, subservient people. If you visit a nunnery or convent, there will certainly be some people of the unbridled, type. Therefore, environment does not create these roles, ill-defined cultural standards, however, do.

However, this false dichotomy is much more outdated.
Carl Jung was convinced that Kundalini was symbolic of "the process of individuation", which he discussed at the Psychological Club in Zurich. While I disagree with many of Freud’s theories, I do believe in Jung’s interpretation of individuation and concur that Kundalini would be a very transformative force in the process of individuation. Individuating is where an undifferentiated person becomes or develops individual characteristics that make that person a more indivisible whole. The process of individuation is divided into two parts. Half is saying things you like; the other half alludes to things you dislike, in very low-level psychological terms. You are identifying your individuality, what makes you who you are, why you don’t like broccoli, and do like Brussels sprouts, and the like. The three main outcomes that arise from this process are egotism, self-depreciation, or successful individuation. The first two outcomes are negative. If you only recognize your strengths you undergo egotism; and if you only examine your weaknesses and flaws you self-depreciate. Successful individuation is successfully honoring your strengths and weaknesses giving you a realistically aware viewpoint of yourself. The great thing about Kundalini force is that tidal wave of intention that surges in you because of it, makes individuation – regardless of it being deliberate or unintentional recognition of strengths and weaknesses – naturally occur.

Because individuation involves, more or less, being somewhat of a rebel, few people individuate these days. Far more than majority, about 80% of people attempt individuation, even fewer successfully individuate. Most people are throngs in the status quo. Those who have successfully individuated shine. They stand out. Usually they are successful athletes, politicians, writers, musicians, artists – anyone who stands out has successfully indivuated. Success is a myth. What success really is, us thorough individuation. Becoming into one’s own generates a concrete embodiment that sets trends, goes faster, has more dynamism, more awareness, and more maneuvers because it is not glued into the slow technology of the clunky, undifferentiated whole. The individuated soul becomes an integrated being, aware of its talents.

Now individuation is related to, but slightly different from identity formation. When one experiences an identity crisis, whether it be “mid-life” after getting fired from one’s job in your mid-40s, at old age, or in early adolescence, four possible outcomes arise:

  • Successful Identity formation. Exploration of other identities occurred and a formal identity created.
  • Premature Identity formation. Exploration of other identities failed to occur, but a pseudo-identity façade was prematurely created.
  • Meandering Identity Formation. Exploration of other identities occurred, but failed to cease, so no constant identity façade was ever created.
  • Anesthetized Identity Formation. Exploration of other identities failed to occur, nor did a constant identity emerge.


The fourth outcome from the identity crisis represents lack of any effort in resolve. The first scenario, successful identity formation, symbolizes the individual who intrepidly tried on different identity guises, explored, and created a solid, personalized personality. The irony about “personality” is that its root word is “person” but it, unfortunately, rarely reflects the person itself. Personality should embody the essence of one’s identity.

Whether you call it esprit, loosh, prana, elan vital, or bio-electricity, Kundalini is an incredibly potent force catalyzing individuation, but also embodying raw vitality. The condensed, compact energy of the Kundalini is like a nuclear reactor. A Sufi mystic, Rumi, wrote about it, saying, "You have the energy of the sun in you, but keep knotting it up at the base of your spine." True, some scientists investigated the cellular energy potential of the human body estimating it to be equivalent of multiple atom bombs. When you hit your funny bone and experience an internal electric zap of the body’s nervous system, you are dabbling with the body’s electric potential.

Because of the incredible amount of momentum Kundalini creates, one should not attempt to open this thrust of energy if one is not in a balanced psychologically. This is not for those with manic depression or bi-polar disorder. You have to be extremely psychologically clear and stable because the journey of Kundalini will take you extraordinary places that press psychological buttons, but it is the journey of myriad lifetimes and copious generations because it is a unifying occurrence. One common misinterpretation of this force is lack of control. People believe that Kundalini is a Pandora’s box that, once opened, causes chaos to reign and choice of destiny to falter.

My junior year in high school, I really felt like I experienced a Kundalini rising. I started investigating Chakras, reading Hindu scriptures, painting furniture, and experienced a wide range of visual color changes. Westerners would say I was just trying to comprehend the whooshing and radical changes of puberty, but easterners could say I was experiencing a Kundalini rising.

Kundalini arising, apparently, can be ridiculously trippy and hallucinogenic: “the usual character common to dreams…they often lacked coherence and continuity…I was transported to a glittering fairyland, where garbed in luster I glided from place to place” (Krishna 148). Some of this sounds incredibly cheesy and absurd, but the emphasis on the dream-like sensation of a Kundalini awakening is a very common description.

Kundalini most certainly generated individuation, but there are other methods that almost inevitable create internal realizations associated with individuation. Take the 12-step program for recovering addicts. This program -- while for recovering drug, alcohol, and sex addicts among others – actually creates an authentic relationship with one’s self, engendering individuation and even possibly accessing I am a 12-stepper. Here’s the list of the basic twelve steps. All twelve-steppers have:

  1. Admitted their powerlessness over their addiction (alcohol, drugs, whatever) and recognized their lives as unmanageable.

    1. This first step dissolves denial that causes addictive behavior to perpetuate.

  2. Believe that a greater power than themselves could restore sanity.
    1. This addresses the power of faith, but one should never abandon the power of one’s own individuation, which is ultimately what is cultivated. Addictions arise because of the absence of identity and successful indivuation. There are always addictions. The key is to be addicted to successful habits. Michael Jordan was addicted to winning, you could say. Charles Dickens, addicted writing poignant novels. But in the presence of individuation, the only “addiction” is successful, joyful living. Clearly, Kundalini, 12 step, and individuation are all intertwined.

  3. Made a decision to turn their will and lives over to the care of God as we understood him.

    1. This personal relationship with God is vital to successful faith and the essence of individuation. Everyone has a distinct and different definition of God and relationship to God. Even if you take two identical twins, raised Roman Catholic ministers, who have memorized all 39 books of the Old Testament and all 27 books of the New Testament, they will have different interpretations and relationships with God. How you understand god is as distinct as your DNA. Each strand of DNA “comprises some 3.2 billion letters of coding, enough to provide 10^3,480,000,000 possible combinations” (Bryson 399). That’s 10 followed by 3.48 billion zeros of combinations! In short, everyone has a unique DNA sequence, just like everyoen has their own distinct, perspective of god. Everyone has their own reality of the universe and of God. It’s important to recognize that distinctiveness to cultivate your own enrichign reality.

  4. Fearlessly seek and create a moral inventory of ourselves.

    1. This is the essence of individuation. Calculating strengths and weaknesses equally – avoiding egotism and self-depreciation and taking the middle road of individuation.

  5. Admitted to God, your self, and another human being the exact detailed nature of wrongs.

    1. Steps 5-7 are all about confessing -- pinpointing qualities you dislike, asking for help with that, and then readying for the removal of those all those instances.

  6. Readied ourself for god to remove the defects we confessed.
  7. Embraced humility, asking God to remove these defects and shortcomings.

    1. This step, like most of these steps, I don’t aggree with in the conventional sense becaue “shortcomings” can quickly become strengths given the write context. In the military, always wanting to paint would be a shortcoming, but in Renaissance Italy, wanting to obsessively paint the ceiling of the Sistine chapel -- like Michaelangelo did with Sistine Chapel for Pope Sixtus IV, making it one of the most famous cathedrals in the world with frescoes of Christ’s Temptation, The Last Judgment, The Creation of Adam, and the like – is a mark of a deviant, successful prodigy. “Shortcomings”, therefore, are contextual – inappropriate deviations in one environment, insurpassable ingenuity in another context. Accessing your own shortcomings in a proactive context is better than “overcoming them”; it’s utilizing them.

  8. Listed all the persons harmed and committed to willingly making amends.

    1. Steps 8-9 are all about making amends – listing the amends and then making them.

  9. Actually directed those amends to all people, unless it would harm or injure them.
  10. Continue to make personal inventory and admit wrongs.

    1. Steps 10-12 are sustaining steps – aimed to continue eradicating flaws, confessing them, praying for knowledge and ability to carry out our will, and continuity of spiritual awakenings.

  11. Used prayer and meditation to connect with God, via our understanding of Him – praying for knowledge of God’s will for us and power to carry that out

    1. Step 11 I have another problem with. You define your own agenda, intertwined with God’s because you are a manifestation of God. This is not abonding free choice, just doing a “maintenace check” on will and focus.

  12. Pass on the steps and continue having spiritual awakenings.

The 12-step could really be 5-Step with:
  1. Transforming Powerlessness to Faithful Empowerment (1-3)

    1. Identify Powerlessness
    2. Believe in higher power
    3. Turn life over to that higher power

  2. Personal Inventory for Individuation (4)
  3. Confessions (5-7)
  4. Making Amends (8-9)
  5. Sustaining Progress through Prayer, Meditation, and Realizations (10-12)

We don’t subscribe to any religion, but, taking an agnostic placement, appreciate the openness of god. The reality is continuing to individuate by accessing one’s shortcomings in a nourishing environment and to create certainty in that process, which accesses Kundalini. One’s method of understanding God could very easily be vis-à-vis Kundalini, if you believe in that form of energy. Discovering what you believe in -- even if that is aetheism or agnosticism -- is a different hue of creating faith.


Europa. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Barbie.
Gilda. http://www.cybercollege.com/sexgod.htm. 2006.
Krishna, Gopi. Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man. Boston:
Shambala, 1997.

1.26.2006

The Bicameral Mind and Consciousness

In 1976, Julian Jaynes took a break from his Princeton instruction to write the ground-breaking "Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind", in which he detailed specific accounts on the nature of consciousness from a variety of civilizations -- the Sumerians, Mayans, Asians, Hebrews, and most significantly, the ancient Greeks. In his account of the mind's consciousness, Jaynes references ancient texts, saying that characters in the Iliad "possess no general consciousness" (Jaynes 69). Additionally, he drew psychological connections between the language centers of the brain --Broca's area, Wernick's area, and the supplemental motor cortex. According to Frank Wallace, his conclusions "will rank among the five most important books ever written by the year 2000" (Wallace 1).

Julian's comments of the Greeks and Hebrews possessing no consciousness is highly debatable because in Homer's account of the fifty days of the tenth year of the Trojan war, there had to have been at least some intelligent consciousness to construct the Trojan Horse contraption and for the heroes of the Iliad to perform some of the feats described in the epic. Similarly, many could argue that characters in the Bible -- such as Cain choosing to slay his brother, Abel -- acted out of their own volition.

However, Jaynes provides scintillating evidence illustrating how ancient characters, specifically the Greeks, seemed to be controlled by something other than their own consciousness. After all, the writers of the Bible, despite the profoundly evocative evidence of which they describe, do not appear to have a conscience or, at the least, introspection. It is not until later writings of the Old Testament, like in Ecclesiastes do the writers take up a distinctively introspective tone. In the first verse of Ecclesiastes, the writer states how his studies revealed him that wisdom is meaningless: "I devoted myself to study and to explore by wisdom all that is done under heaven. What a heaven burden God has laid on men! I have seen all the things that are done under the sun, all of them are meaningless, a chasing after the wind" (Bible Ecclesiastes 1:13). I would have to strongly disagree with this writer because he then on to say that, in addition to wisdom, pleasures, toil, and advancement are meaningless. Sure, maybe toil could be labeled as purposeless, but wisdom can generate knowing which can help others in their process, and pleasures can provide temporary satisfaction.

The writer encourages one to stand in awe of God, which, personally, I feel is a way of simply method of acquiring more blind followers to the Christian faith, but respect for an omnipresent, omniscient, omnipotent force -- given that one exists -- would definitely be a good thing. The writer takes quite a derogatory and brusque tone, telling the reader that God lacks time for fools, of which I strongly disagree because he later says to "fear God and keep his commandments...For he will bring every deed into judgment" (Bible Ecclesiastes 12:13). People should never live in fear of anything. It is a flaw in Christianity, in my mind, to encourage -- basically demand -- anyone to live in fear and awe of any power, regardless of its capacity for judgment. One should be in awe of themselves; as Janyes has speculated the only "God voices" are those of our own mind. Listen to and stand in awe of your own certainty. The point is clear, however, the writer, reflecting on what qualities are meaningful and the culmination of some of his studies, has taken a more reflective non-bicameral tone. Janyes These are gross speculations, but most people would have at least a scintilla of reflection after witnessing Noah's Flood, Thus began the Jaynes' Theory of Consciousness.

Jaynes argues that these ancient heroes had no grasp of subjectivity and introspection, lacked all cognizance of one's own level of awareness, possessed no "internal mind to introspect upon" (Jaynes 75). According to Jaynes, in this state of mental bicameralism and the absence of inner monologue, people commonly experienced external god forces pushing the automatons around with "voices". However, Jaynes brilliantly asserts that those "external God voices" did not come from external deity, but rather from the other half -- the "speaking half" -- of one's own mind. Janyes says that the speaking half of one's mind It is difficult to label Achilles, Agamemnon, or Moses as people that did not act on their own accord. Where they people who were greatly in touch with spiritual connections and intentions? Yes, but not necessarily people that were robots to some divine voice. Instead, Janyes puts forth the possibility that even the divine messages they received came from the other half of their own mind simply "waking up".

What could have been possibly waking up were intrinsic motivations. There exists two major branches of psychological motivation -- extrinsic motivation , working for external reward, and intrinsic motivation, working for the pleasure of the activity itself. It's amazing that, if the bicameral mind theory has veracity, the heroes of ancient Greece were not worshipping external deities and making sacrifices to the God voices they heard, but rather, they were obeying the commands of their own mind and making sacrificial worship to the right-side of their brain! In short, they had sincere connection to there inner voice.

It was certainly a different time back then. Today, such divine invocations from external voices would be swiftly mis-diagnosed as schizophrenia, dissociative identity disorder, or some other disorder from the frightening annals of "abnormal psychology". If you've seen the movie Dr. Strangelove, then you've witnessed the erratic, explosive gestures where Dr. Strangelove's hand seems to have a life of it's own, a condition also known as "alien hand syndrome", or AHS. Alien hand syndrome is a neurological disorder that can occur with damage (or surgery) to the corpus callosum, which frequently is fount in the surgical severing of the callosum for extremely epileptic patients. Cases of AHS can get so severe that one hand begins to "fight" with the other hand, so that, for example, if the left handed opened the refrigerator to grab bowl of pasta, the right would just as quickly shove the pasta back into the fridge and slam the fridge shut! The halves of the brain failed to reach a "compromise" before taking action could be one explanation. AHS has drawn the attention of scholars and scientists interested psychological volition, philosophy of action, and human consciousness. Risking the possibility of AHS to cure epilepsy? Tough choice, but fortunately, thanks to advancements in surgical technology people don't have to make that choice, but the ancients with the possible existence of a "bicameral mind", most certainly had difficulties with hallucinations, visions, and voices from the other half of their mind!

Jaynes points out that as civilization developed and the right-brain dominance over the left decreased, consciousness truly emerged. The concept of divination and spirituality emerged when bicameralism faded (the brain halves fused) and the need for an explanation of "all those voices" arose. Interesting that during the re-integration of the cerebral halves, kids were have said to have more voices from the "gods", but lost these abilities with later schooling. This could imply that schooling generated more of a conscience or that it caused the right-brain to "listen" and the left-brain to "speak" whether or not that is a beneficial shift or not.

Getting into the anatomical details, Janyes Theory focused on the primary communication and language centers of the brain, namely Broca's area and Wernicke's area both connected to each other with the arcuate fasciculus. In neuroscience-speak, Broca's area is a.k.a Brodmann's area 44, located in the left frontal lobe around the triangular section of the inferior frontal gyrus, and Wernicke's area is a.k.a Brodmann area 22, found on the left posterior temporal lobe close to the temporo-parietal junction. Both of these, you'll notice, are located on the left hemisphere of the brain, which could relate to Janyes theory of the left-"listening brain" and right speaking brain. However, Broca's area is connected with the motor mechanics of using larynx muscles to produce and comprehend speech and, while Wernicke's area, on the other hand, being involved in receiving information and transforming it into linguistic words, is all "listening". In short, Broca's gets the words in your mind out, while Wernicke's puts the information in your mind into words. With Broca's aphasia, you can comprehend, but speak in stilted, random manner, while one with Wernicke's aphasia cannot comprehend words, but can speak them in a semi-meaningful manner.


Broca's area and Wernick's area



The loss in the ability to speak or understand spoken language due to brain damage of Broca's area results in "non-fluent aphasia" and "fluent aphasia" if speech command is lost in Wernicke's area. Frequently, conjugations and pronoun-understanding may been lost with the retention of nouns and verbs, but without a logical ordering in speech production. While someone suffering from Broca's aphasia comprehends a majority of what they pick up, their speech production is jumbled. For example, to say they went to the store, they might say "store went, I say", or something similar. Wernicke's aphasia, known as "fluent-aphasia" produces aphasia that sounds more coherent, but lacks meaning. The decrease in comprehension levels is visible in Wernicke's aphasia, as well. While it is a sad situation because 72% of aphasics are isolated from work, 50% have taken speech-therapy only to be less excluded, there exists a National Aphasics Association (NAA) that helps those in need.
(en.wikipedio.org 1)

But with the rise of consciousness came the fear of acting with one's own volition, which brought the uncertainty of doubt. In this doubt, man began to think:

  1. "Man is made to feel guilty. He is condemned for having lost his innocence by inventing consciousness. He is condemned for assuming the responsibility to use his own mind to guide his life. He is condemned for exchanging his nature-made bicameral mind with a man-invented conscious mind." (Wallace 10).

  2. Considering the "problems" from exchanging in a animal-like conscious-less state for a brain, man is given automatic solutions if becomes obsequious to authority. Here, man erroneously exchanges self-responsibility for personal decisions to lead one's life fore as well discarding his ability to follow his own mind.

Well, using one's own mind and one's own authority isn't a problem at all. It's a solution! The Matrix and Blade Runner from the cyberpunk genre -- where tensions between hackers, A.I. and mega-corporations brew in the not-so-distant future -- Neotech, and the concept of Validate Your Life have latched onto the vital task of abandoning the guilt of consciousness to escape the fallacy of Original Sin and of consciousness, and embrace those strengths.

Look at famous works like Hawthorne's The Birthmark and the punishment and expulsion from the Garden of Eden in the Bible to see that consciousness is frequently a condemned change, when it should be promulgated. Neotech, the mortal enemy of mysticism, which uses "non-sensory, non-rational, non-definable, non-identifiable means of knowledge such as 'just knowing'," engenders using one's own reason and senses to make conclusions. "People knowledgeable about fully integrated honesty or Neotech have the tools to control their own lives and destinies, free from crippling mysticism and harmful false authority" (Wallace 11). While Neotech has a fantastic goal, remembering to listen to intuition now and then is fine if just, for the least, to try to create a reconciliating synthesis between Neotech and mystic philosophies.

The Neotech approach certainly does have a stronger case because it chooses not to betray, but to utilize one's own mind. For about two years in my life, I took up a mysticism approach and tried to seriously commit to astrology, signs, and lots of other voodoo before it felt as though it took me absolutely nowhere in no direction. However, there exist different degrees and criteria for progress that could fit "mysticism success", but Neotech is much more logical and applicable. It's important to acknowledge mental conscience, but also vital -- sometimes more vital -- to obey the spiritual, mystical body. Ultimately, a reconciling balance of neotech-mind-consciousness and mysticism-spiritual-heart creates freedom. In Buddhist thought, Nirvana is not a place that one arrives at or discovers, but it is an acquired internal state free of desires and fears. Recognizing the history of bicameral mentality is vital to not only honoring and respecting, but it is essential to protecting and perpetuating the current human state of consciousness and insight.

en.wikipedia.org. Broca's Area. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca%27s_area
Holy Bible. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing, 1984.
Jaynes, Julian. Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976..
Wallace, Frank. Consciousness: The End of False Authority. I & O Publishing Co., 1991.
Xiong, Joseph. Aphasia: A language Disorder. Biology 202: Serendip, 1999. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro99/web1/Xiong.html

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