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11.19.2007

Equinoxes and Solstices


Earth's Inclination
Everyday would be an equinox (Latin's equinoxium, meaning "equality night and day") if it weren't for the earth's subtle inclination. An equinox, the moment when the sun is at it's zenith directly above (perpendicular to) the equator at noon is the opposite of a solstice (Latin's solstitium, meaning "the point where the sun stands still"), the moment when a sun is lowest in the sky (the most inclination north or south away from perpendicular) at noon. Obviously, each solstice occurs in a different hemisphere. In short, yes, the sun move's east to west daily, but it cycles north and south on an annual basis, with the winter solstice marking it's nadir - most southern location (commencing northern movement), and summer stolstic marking the zenith -most northern location. This diagram

is false, because it doesn't show the earth's inclination. The above diagram shows an earth with no solstices, all equinoxes. However, because of the earth's tilt and elliptical pattern (faster movement closest to the sun), the annual sun inclinations do occur, resulting in solstices, resulting in seasons.




Occurrence
Equinoxes and solstices each occur twice per year, so there are four equinox-or-solistice events per year, occurring roughly every three months (every season. Equinoxes occur spring and autumn (March and September), while solstices occur winter and summer (December and June).

Calendar Dates and Length of Days
  • December 22 -- Winter Solstice, Sun Heads North. (Longest Night)
  • March 22 -- Spring Equinox, Sun Heading North, Long days in North Pole, Equal night and day lengths at equator. (Length of Day = Length of Night)
  • June 22 -- Summer Solstice, Sun Heads South (Longest Day)
  • September 22 -- Autumnal Equinox, Sun heading South, Dark days (long nights) in North Pole, Equal night and day lengths at equator; Days start to get shorter. (Length of Day = Length of Night)

The earth rotates West to East, making the sun (and most all prograde planetary objects) "rise" East and set west.

Seasons
Seasons usually directly follow an equinox or solstice because that marks the point when the sun is furthest or closest to the earth, resulting in a respective heat shift. A spring (or "vernal") equinox marks the point halfway between the sun's journey northward (the end of this journey, when the sun starts to head southward is the summer solstice, June 22) with longer days of sunlight at the north pole. The autumnal equinox marks long days of darkness at the north pole as the sun moves southward (after the summer solstice turning point). It's so interesting how linguistic ties in with science. If you understand latin roots, all these seemingly complex terms (vernal, equinox, solstice) all are very simple.

The Neutral Equinoxes and Extreme Solstices
The winter solstice occurs in the southern hemisphere, the summer solstice, in the northern. And the only difference between the two equinoxes (spring and autumn) is the direction the sun heads at each (northward at spring, and southward at autumn); both biannual equinoxes occur over the equator. Even though they occur on opposite ends of the calender (March and September), six months apart, Equinoxes (unlike Solstices) mark moments of identical equivalence in the sun's position, length of day and night, and temperature. In other words, while spring marks an increasing temperature, increase day length, and northward sun inclination increase (and fall marks a moment halfway through the decrease in those three variables), spring and autumnal equinox temperature (temperate, day length (12 hours), and inclination (0 degrees over equator) are the same! I, therefore, call equinoxes neutral zeniths, and solstices extreme events. So the day length equals the night length, the sun's location is the same (over the equator), Interestingly, you can look at any southward sun-movement as getting colder, while northward sun-movement as getting warmer in seasons. Thus, the months after winter, spring, and early summer are all northward-moving sun months, while, you guessed it, fall and winter months (July to December) are southward-moving sun months. This can be easily plugged into the Dalai Lama's ever-increasing path of happiness with neutrality, pain, and pleasure-inducers. The solstices mark apex or nadirs (immense pleasure or immense pain) of this ever-increasing path, while the equinoxes mark the line exactly at the x-axis, with y=0, or the neutral state.

The Significance of the Correlation between the Dalai Lama's Ever-Increasing Path and Equinox-Solstice Astronomical Events
There exist many interpretations. The most obvious (and boring) is that spring and autumn mark points of neutral mood, but getting, respectively, more joyful or more cranky and dismal. And winter and summer mark, respectively the extremes of immense pain and immense pleasure. But that's highly interpretative. If you're a skier, winter could be joyful, but the sunbather finds the summer solstice most enjoyable. Or the farmer could dread the autumnal equinox time causing the farmer to feel great pain, while everyone else experiences great neutrality. But, in the graph of (on the y axis) temperature, length of day, and Northward inclination of the sun over the equator, the equinox would most certainly mark the mid-way points, and the solstices would be the highs and lows of the oscillating graph. It's important to not that a graph of equinox and solstice activity with time plotted on the x would oscillate like a cosine function.

Proximity to Equator Increases, Rainfall Increases and Temperature Range Decreases
Another interesting, and obviously inverse, relationship is between distance from equator and the temperature-range v. annual total rainfall. Everyone knows that the close to the equator you get, the small the temperature range. On the equator (Mexico, Yucatan, Amazon) the annual temperature range fluctuates only a few degrees from 75 in the "winter" and 80 degrees in the "summer", while further away from the equator the temperature range increase, producing much more extreme temperature shifts. In Midwest USA, for example, the range is about 43 degrees, 30 in the winter and less than 80s in the summer, but the inverse is rainfall. Closer to the equator you get, small the temperature range, but larger than annual rainfall. With a 4 degree temperature range, average rainfall is like 103 inches. But with a location far away from the equator and a large temperature range (43 degrees, for example) annual rainfall is small (like 12 inches). Another example, in the arctic Circle (say near scandanavia), temperature range is about 74 deggres (-40-65)! However, personally, I like rain and I like minimum range annual temperature fluctuations set a a warm temperature, so there's no trade off at the tropics. Living at or near the equator is best for me because of huge personal taste for rain and consistent warmth!

Personal Relationship
I remember solstice being the ship, and I haven't pinpointed what an equinox is (car, obviously) but how that differs from the ship, I don't know. Equinox could be an apex of control and my thing, and solstice could be the opposite, a passenger, possibly. But I love the ocean. Helpful enough almost all the equinoxes and solstices occur around the 20th of their respective months (March, September or June or December). We're about a month away from the winter solstice on December 22, 2007.

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